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Technical Information (and more) Triumph Spitfire Performance Enhancements (August 2014 edition) Why bother improving Spitfire performance? Triumph Spitfires are. You can install VMware Tools within X using the.tar installer in a terminal window. See Installing VMware Tools from the Command Line with the Tar Installer. Questions. org? Please visit this page to clear all LQ- related cookies. The RPM C library allows you to perform all the operations of the. C or C++ programs. These same libraries are available for you to use in your. So. why would you want to write RPM programs? Before doing this, though, be sure to look into whether. You'll find. writing RPM shell scripts goes much faster than writing whole. The RPM system, on the other hand, has focused on. You can combine the. RPM system. You can use the RPM library, though, to help. Tcl, Ruby, or even C# (especially. C# implementations for Linux). This chapter covers. RPM C programming library, which provides low- level access to. RPM functionality. The next chapter covers the RPM Python. If you are attempting to write a complex RPM program. Python API first. Even so, there is a. RPM C library. To use the rpmlib, you need to set. C programming environment and install the rpm- devel package. The easiest way to get the C compiler is to install the. Software Development with the Red Hat. Make sure you. install all the necessary packages. Just about every Linux. C. programs, so this should not be a problem. You must have a version of rpm- devel that. If you have Red Hat. Linux, your installation CDs will also have the version of the. RPM development package that corresponds to your system. In most cases, the best bet is to use. RPM programs and libraries that come with your version of. Linux. This site includes versions of. RPM libraries going back to 1. Linux. If you installed Red Hat. Linux 8. 0, the package is rpm- devel- 4. This package. includes header files, documentation, and libraries. One thing you’ll quickly note is that the RPM C. RPM data at a very low level. This is one. reason why many developers are moving to Python for their RPM. Python RPM API presents a higher level of. Table 1. 6- 2 lists these header files. Simply execute the following command. Examine the output of this command for include files. You need to include the proper header files that. API calls you need, and link with the right set of. For example. $ gcc –I/usr/include/rpm –c rpm. This also means that you can install the rpm header files in. I. command- line option. For example. $ gcc - Wall - g –I/usr/include/rpm –c rpm. The main rpm library is librpm. To do most anything with RPM programming, you. Table. 1. 6- 3. To compile and link a simple. RPM program, you need a command like the following. I/usr/include/rpm - o program program. On some versions of Linux or on other operating systems. I/usr/include/rpm - o program program. If you have installed the rpm libraries in a non- standard. L option to specify where. For example. gcc - I/usr/include/rpm - o program program. L/opt/lib/rpm \. - lrpmbuild - lrpm - lrpmdb - lrpmio –lpopt - lelf - lbz. The - L option tells the cc compiler to look in the. The other libraries will get pulled in automatically. The RPM rc. and macro systems support hundreds of options tuned to the. So, to start an RPM C program. To do this. call rpm. Read. Config. Files. The target parameter. You can pass NULL for both these. RPM defaults, which is generally what you. For example. rpm. Show. RC( stdout ). The rpm. Show. RC function always returns 0. The term macro is used because the. You can have one macro. The basic. macro syntax is. In your C programs, your. You can pass a variable. Expand, and you must terminate the. NULL. char* rpm. Expand (const char *arg..). You need to free the data returned by rpm. Expand by calling. You can use popt alone as a library in its own right, or use. The rpm command supports three different behaviors for. RPM, as part of rpmbuild). For the popt library, you can define. In addition. command- line options may be individual flags, such as –v for. A popt alias allows you to define one. As its. simplest, the rpm command- line options - -upgrade and –U refer. You could define one as an alias for the. For example. Rpm alias –requires - -qf \. The popt. Get. Context. Context, an opaque data type that you need to pass as a. The popt. Context holds. This allows you to. Each set. will have an associate popt. Context to keep all the data. This table is an array of structures, where each. The format for a single option. Option . The. short. Name defines the short, one- character option, such as 'U'. U. You can place a null character, '\0', to. With the rpm command, the - -rebuilddb. At the very least, you need to define the. You can also define special processing. Table 1. 6- 6 lists the argument types in the options. Using a pointer allows the popt library to automatically. In this case, the popt. For example, the - v verbose option has no data. On. the other hand, the POPT. For example, the - f option to. You should pass a pointer to an int if you want. You can cheat and stuff a pointer to. You can place your processing code for the. Combine these bit flags with the type values. OR operation. *The POPT. The. POPT. In other words. This option is rarely used. You can use. the POPT. These options get filled in from popt. In addition, within RPM programs, another table. All. Popt. Table, holds a set of options common to all RPM. The. POPT. You must include an empty option to end the. POPT. To do this, call. Get. Next. Opt. int popt. Get. Next. Opt(popt. Context context). If an error occurs, popt. Get. Next. Opt returns a negative error. If the context is at the end of the options. Get. Next. Opt returns –1. Table 1. 6- 7 lists the error codes. Table 1. 6- 7 Error codes from popt. Get. Next. Opt. Code. Meaning. . POPT. If your needs are simple, you can use the. If you need some special processing for. POPT. For. example. Get. Next. Opt(context) ) . In most command- line applications, you may have a. The popt library doesn’t process these, but can. Normally, pass 0 for no flags or. POPT. This makes. Bad. Option return the option closest to, if not exactly the. This program lets. In. most cases, you should avoid more complex command- line. For. example. gcc - I/usr/include/rpm - o popt. When you run this program, try out the different options. For. example, when you set all the options, you’ll see output like. Callback in option setting. Callback in option setting. Callback in post setting. After processing, options have values. Val holds 4. 2. print flag holds 1. Val holds . You can mix. Callback in option setting. Callback in option setting. Callback in post setting. After processing, options have values. Val holds 4. 2. print flag holds 1. Val holds . The popt library also provides handy. POPT. To get a help message, use - -help or - ?. Usage: popt. 1 . In single quotes. For example. $ ./popt. The usage message is shorter, and you also get it for free. Usage: popt. 1 . Functions that set up the RPM library. Init, which sets up the RPM command- line. Option entries that define. Going beyond querying, you can perform all. C using the RPM library. That said, some. tasks are much easier than other tasks. If you are writing a. Python RPM API instead of the C RPM. Use Fopen. FD. To read past the. Lead. int read. Lead(FD. It. fills in an rpmlead struct. Look in the online RPM documentation for more on. To read in the RPM. Read. If successful, header. Read returns a. Header object. You can then read data values from the Header. This value must be. HEADER. If you guess incorrectly, header. Read. will return an error. To get around, this, you can compare the. For example. Header header = header. Read(fd, (lead. major > = 3) ? Use the source. To call. Get. Entry, you pass in a Header and a tag ID. You get back. the type of the tag, a pointer to the tag values, and a count of. On success, the pointer will point at the retrieved. Tag. Type. Call header. Free. Data to free the data. Free. Data(const void *pointer. Tag. Type type). You need to pass in the data pointer and the type flag. You can. safely call header. Free. Data for all types. The function will do. This tag is an identifier for the - -queryformat. Chapter 4, Using the RPM Database . The file rpmlib. h lists the. RPMTAG. For. example. Header. String(header, RPMTAG. The filename is just used for reporting errors. On. success, rpm. Read. Package. File fills in a Header object from the. The return value is 0 for success. The. FD. The Fopen function, for example, supports HTTP or FTP. URLs in the place of a file name, so long as you append . In particular. accessing the rpm database is quite easy using a transaction set. As the RPM API evolves, transaction sets will become. Transaction sets also help in that the. RPM library will automatically open the RPM database as needed. For. example, this call to rpmts. Init. Iterator looks for all packages. After calling rpmts. Init. Iterator, the next step is to call. Next. Iterator. Header rpmdb. Next. Iterator(rpmdb. Match. Iterator iter). This function returns the next package Header object in the. The Header will be NULL if there are no more packages. You can use a while loop to go through all the. For example. while ( (installed. Also, the next call to rpmdb. Next. Iterator will. Header. The. mode parameter names the type of pattern used, which can be one. Table 1. 6- 9. The rpm. The custom comparison is not as exact as the. This makes the comparisons harder. You need to deal with the Epoch value, as well as. Do not try. to compare version numbers with custom code. Calling rpmds. This creates a dependency set that holds. Epoch/Version/Release. The actual tag. ID here is ignored for the version check. For this task, pass the. RPMSENSE. In terms of comparing. Pass 1 to prevent promoting the Epoch value. Thus, passing flags of. RPMSENSE. A useful utility. RPM C library compares a package file against. RPM file. represents a newer or older package than what was already. It introduces transaction sets. RPM API, and also dependency sets. You can. use this program as a guide for making your own RPM programs. The vercompare. c program will extract the package. RPM database for matching. For each matching package, vercompare. RPM file, or at the same. For example, if you have installed version. Java compiler), you can compare the. RPM files. If you have a package that. Note that the output is relative to the installed package. Instead, it sets the program exit status based on the. Smart Device Breaks Up Domestic Dispute By Calling the Police . Following a recent case in which Amazon handed over data from its Echo device to police investigating a murder, a smart device called the police when a couple was allegedly involved in a violent domestic dispute. Police say that Eduardo Barros was house- sitting at the residence with his girlfriend and their daughter. Barros allegedly pulled a gun on his girlfriend when they got into an argument and asked her: “Did you call the sheriffs?” A smart device in the home apparently heard “call the sheriffs,” and proceeded to call the sheriffs. A SWAT team arrived at the home and after negotiating for hours, they were able to take Barros into custody. Police tell ABC News that the man’s girlfriend was injured but did not need to visit a hospital.
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One way to find them is called war driving, which is easier than it sounds. All that’s needed is a free program called in. SSIDer. This scans the airwaves and displays a list of nearby wireless access points (APs). As Figure 1 shows (below), some APs are displayed with an SSID (the network name) and some without. Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low-power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost transceiver. To paraphrase Thomas Edison, success is one per cent inspiration, ninety-nine per cent perspiration. Perhaps no working songwriter knows this better than Scott Helman. Search torrents on dozens of torrent sites and torrent trackers. Unblock torrent sites by proxy. PirateBay proxies, RARBG unblocked and more torrent proxies. Latest trending topics being covered on ZDNet including Reviews, Tech Industry, Security, Hardware, Apple, and Windows.Television Programs and Commercials: Videotapes in the Media Resources Center UC Berkeley. Discovering so- called hidden networks. The APs missing their SSIDs have been intentionally set via their Web- based control panels to not broadcast their network name in the beacons. The home user or network administrator who manages these networks might believe that not broadcasting the SSID hides his or her WLAN and therefore considers this the first layer of defense against Wi- Fi hackers. However, you (or anyone with the desire) can usually find the concealed SSID quickly. This calls for another program, easily attained- -a wireless network analyzer, such as Comm. View for Wi- Fi. Though it’s a commercial product, its free evaluation version will suffice. Free Security Resources. Stay Ahead of the Hackers: Managing the Cost and Complexity of Finding Your Site's Vulnerabilities. Small and medium- sized organizations are increasingly becoming a key target for cyber criminals. In fact, three out of every five cyber- attacks last year targeted small and medium- sized organizations. In a recent study conducted by the Ponemon Institute, 9. These breaches can be incredibly expensive with an average cost per incident of $7. Download. Once a hacker opens Comm. View for Wi- Fi, she starts capturing on the channel of the “hidden network” she’s targeting. She may see only a blank SSID. However, as soon as someone on the network attempts to connect, the supposedly hidden network name will appear. The SSID is also in probe packets, which will likely be continuously broadcasted from the computers and APs on the target network, so the hacker won’t have to wait long for the big reveal. See Figure 2 (below) for an example, which shows the same two hidden networks from Figure 1. Both residential and business networks are equally vulnerable. A hacker can typically detect the names of “hidden networks” very quickly and easily, even if wireless encryption is used. While the name alone isn’t much of a prize, it brings the hacker one step closer to her goal. Cracking the wireless encryption. The next layer of protection a hacker must often defeat is wireless encryption, such as WEP, WPA, or WPA2. When searching for targets, a hacker will see networks both with and without encryption. Those networks without encryption are very vulnerable. Almost anyone could probably connect in a few seconds. These are usually home connections broadcast by users who either don’t know about encryption or don’t care, but sometimes even businesses leave themselves wide open. Hackers can use these connections for free Internet access, either for casual browsing or as a means of launching Internet- based hacking attacks. For those networks with WEP encryption, a good hacker can usually crack them within a reasonable amount of time, some within minutes. The ability and amount of time it takes to crack depends upon the WEP key length and complexity, how much the network is being used, and the cracking techniques employed. The newer PTW hacking technique is much faster than most older techniques. A hacker might also take a stab at cracking networks protected with the simpler or personal form of WPA or WPA2 encryption using pre- shared keys (PSK). The success of these attacks is all up to the simplicity (or complexity) of the passphrase used. To get started cracking WPA/WPA2- PSK, a hacker only has to capture one client association (someone successfully connecting to the network). Then she can use dictionary- based attacks, trying to guess the passphrase. If the passphrase is simple and is contained in her dictionary, she’ll eventually crack the encryption. Hackers use dictionaries with hundreds of millions of words. Though this would take forever on your own PC, hackers have the ability to use outsourced super computers, such as WPA Cracker. Some networks, usually in larger businesses or organizations, use the enterprise mode of WPA or WPA2 encryption using the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) and 8. X. These won’t have passphrases or PSKs to crack, but these are susceptible to man- in- the- middle attacks. To get started hacking WPA/WPA2- Enterprise, a hacker would set up a fake AP matching the SSID and security settings of the target network and would then run a modified RADIUS authentication server. She’d try to get users to connect to her fake setup and attempt authentication, which requires that the client EAP settings have been set insecurely and that the bogus network is cleverly disguised enough to convince users to connect to it. If everything does go according to plan, our hacker will capture usernames right away. For the passwords, she’ll have to run a dictionary attack. If the password is relatively simple, she’ll have everything she needs to connect to the target network. Spoofing your MAC address. Another security technique some people use is MAC address filtering. Each computer and device contains a unique MAC address, thus the network administrator can create a black and white list of addresses he or she wants to block or to allow onto the network. This can be used with or without wireless encryption or the hidden network technique. If a hacker suspects a target network is using MAC address filtering, she’d just have to bring up a wireless surveying or analyzer program on her laptop; she could use Comm. View for Wi- Fi again. She would simply check out the list of stations (such as Figure 3 shows) or monitor the raw data packets to find a “good” MAC address that she could use. Once a hacker has a MAC address she can emulate, in Windows, she would just bring up the network adapter’s properties dialog and type in the address, such as Figure 4 shows (below). In this way, the hacker won’t be stopped by the MAC address filter. Let the fun begin. Once a hacker has found an open network or has successfully hacked one, she can try to access files and/or snoop on the network traffic, for example, to capture passwords used by users. If she’s lucky, the users have placed files in the public shares. If she’s really hit pay dirt, she might find some sensitive documents containing goodies like banking info or other top secret stuff. To capture e- mail, Website, and other passwords, a hacker can run a special sniffer. Effe. Tech HTTP Sniffer and Ace Password Sniffer are two commercial products that offer a free trial. Lessons learned. Now that we’ve examined exactly what a hacker needs to get what she wants, it’s easier to see what every network administrator should know. Here are seven tips summarizing what you’ve learned and how it can help you better secure your Wi- Fi network: Disabling SSID broadcasting doesn’t deter hackers, plus it can give you a big headache when configuring your network and causes an increase in network traffic (probes request and responses). Don’t use WEP encryption, it’s useless. WPA/WPA2- PSK encryption is still secure when using long complex mixed character passphrases. WPA/WPA2- Enterprise encryption is even more secure if you properly set the client settings (validate the server, specify server address, don’t prompt for new servers, etc.) and assign complex passwords. Try to use WPA2 (with AES/CCMP) encryption only. MAC address filtering may help control the computers or devices brought in by users, but is not a realistic deterrent against hackers. For additional control over end- user connectivity, consider implementing a Network Access Control (NAC) or Network Access Protection (NAP) solution. Eric Geier is the Founder and CEO of No. Wires. Security, which helps businesses easily protect their Wi- Fi with enterprise- level encryption by offering an outsourced RADIUS/8. X authentication service. He is also the author of many networking and computing books for brands like For Dummies and Cisco Press. |